Cytomegalovirus in urinary sediment in patients with acute kidney injury.

BACKGROUND: Immunosuppression in solid organ transplantation is associated with frequent infections. Renal allograft recipients are susceptible to opportunistic infections and can acquire human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) infections even within the allograft. There, HCMV can be found in both the glomerulus and tubular cells, but is mostly restricted to specific and circumscribed sites. Therefore, not all organ infections are identifiable by immunohistology for HCMV proteins in fine needle core biopsies. Thus, we performed a urinalysis study to search for HCMV-specific RNA transcripts in the urine sediment of patients with acute kidney injury. METHODS: Urinary sediment of 90 patients with acute kidney injury (AKI), including 48 renal transplant recipients (RTX) and 42 non-transplant recipients (nRTX), was collected from morning urine for RNA extraction and reverse transcription. The copy number of HCMV transcripts was evaluated using a UL132 HCMV-specific probe set and by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). RESULTS: Of the 48 RTX patients, ten showed HCMV copies in their urine sediment cells. Within this group, three recipients had negative HCMV serology and received an allograft from an HCMV-seropositive donor. In addition, all three RTX patients on a belatacept-based immunosuppressive regimen had HCMV transcripts in their urine. Of the 42 nRTX patients, only two had detectable HCMV transcripts in urine sediment cells and both were under immunosuppression. CONCLUSIONS: Ten immunosuppressed renal allograft recipients and two immunosuppressed non-transplant patients with AKI showed HCMV copies in urine sediment. Thus, HCMV positivity in urinary sediment appears to be associated with immunosuppression. This study describes a novel noninvasive method for detection of HCMV in urinary sediment. Whether all HCMV infections can be detected or only those with viral replication warrants further investigation.

Infección por morganella morganii en paciente postransplantado de riñón: reporte de caso y revisión de literatura / Morganella morganii infection in post-transplant kidney patient: Case Report and literature review

Las infecciones humanas por Morganella morganii es poco frecuente hasta el 3% de las infecciones del tracto urinario, puede producir diversos tipos de infecciones, su papel etiológico es dudoso. Hay pocos reportes a nivel mundial en la literatura sobre infecciones causadas por este patógeno y ninguna en Honduras. Descripción de Caso. Masculino 46 años con antecedentes de trasplante renal hace 4 años por IRC, manejado con prednisona, micofelonato y sirulimus, diabético e hipertensión arterial crónica tratado con Insulina NPH 20 u. cada día y Carvedilol 12.5 mg, referido por el servicio de Nefrología a la Emergencia del HEU por iebre de una semana, continua, sugestivamente alta, no cuantiicada, diaforesis con escalofrío, con disuria de un día de evolución y un episodio de vomito. Con signos vitales P/A 90/60 mmHg, FC 88 x ́, FR 22 x ́, afebril, examen físico normal. Cuatro horas posteriores al ingreso; comenzó con iebre de 38.9 °C agregando antipiréticos al manejo establecido, con hiponatremia, falla renal aguda, uroanálisis patológico. Ecografía renal: Riñón trasplantado de corteza engrosada correspondiendo a pielonefritis aguda, sin masas, colecciones, litos e hidronefrosis, midiendo 12.7x5.8x4.9 cm. Urocultivo: crecimiento de Morganella morganii, resistente a fosfosil, nitrofurantoina, sensible a ciproloxacino y ceftazidime. Paciente se mantuvo afebril, mejorando al manejo establecido con ciproloxacino IV se da alta al quinto día posterior a su ingreso con seguimiento estricto por servicio de nefrología. Conclusiones. Reportamos una patología vista con frecuencia, pero en un paciente especial como es un post trasplante renal que pudo traer múltiples complicaciones para el paciente sumado al que el patógeno es conocida como agente infección de la vía urinaria pero rara vez causa infecciones en personas inmunocompetentes, pero si puedes llegar a ser causa de infección nosocomiales en personas inmunocomprometidas. Debemos de tener seguimiento estricto de este tipo de pacientes desde el más mínimo síntoma para evitar secuelas y/o complicaciones severas

Aislamiento de Magnusiomyces capitatus en una muestra clínica de orina / Isolation of Magnusiomyces capitatus in a clinical sample of urine

No disponible

Adenovirus is a key pathogen in hemorrhagic cystitis associated with bone marrow transplantation.

Late-onset hemorrhagic cystitis (HC) is a well-known complication of bone marrow transplantation (BMT) that is mainly attributed to infection with BK virus (BKV) and adenovirus (AdV). From 1986 through 1998, 282 patients underwent BMT, and 45 of them developed HC. Urine samples tested positive for AdV in 26 patients, of which 22 showed virus type 11. Among patients who underwent allogeneic BMT, logistic regression analysis revealed acute graft-versus-host disease (grade, > or = 2) to be the most significant predictive factor for HC (P < .0001). In addition, a total of 193 urine samples regularly obtained from 26 consecutive patients who underwent allogeneic BMT were examined for BKV, JC virus (JCV), and AdV by means of polymerase chain reaction. Of patients without HC, approximately 30% of the specimens tested positive for BKV (58 samples) and JCV (55 samples), whereas 5 (3%) tested positive for AdV. Of the 3 samples obtained from patients with HC, the numbers of positive results for BKV, JCV, and AdV were 3, 1, and 1, respectively; the numbers of positive results increased to 14 of 17, 9 of 17, and 10 of 17, respectively, when we added another 14 samples obtained from 14 patients with HC (P < .0001, P = .026, and P < .0001, respectively). In conclusion, there was significant correlation between AdV and HC in the patients we studied.

[Comparison between centrifugation and sedimentation prior to cultures in the isolation of cytomegalovirus in the urine of renal transplant recipients]. / Comparación entre centrifugación y sedimentación previa al cultivo en el aislamiento de citomegalovirus en la orina de receptores de trasplante renal.

BACKGROUND: To compare the capacity of conventional centrifugation and spontaneous sedimentation to detect the presence of cytomegalovirus (CMV) in urine samples. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We studied urine samples from 45 renal transplant recipients. After decontamination half of each sample was centrifuged (1,500 rpm for 10 minutes) and the other half was allowed to sediment at room temperature for 30 minutes. From the supernatant of each of these 250 microliters was inoculated in a shell-vial (MRC-5). Cultures were incubated for 48 hours at 37 degrees C and stained by an indirect immunofluorescence assay. The samples considered totally toxic were re-inoculated after dilution 1:1 with maintainance medium. RESULTS: Of 845 urine samples analyzed, 743 (88%) were negative and 102 (12%) positive. 66 (7.8%) were considered toxic: 35 (4.1%) partially toxic and 31 (3.6%) totally toxic. Of the centrifuged urine samples 86.2% were positive against 98% of the sedimented samples (p = 0.004). Of the 31 samples considered totally toxic, 17 (2.2%) corresponded with negative urine samples and 14 (13.7%) with positive samples. Off these, 12 (85.7%) were detected in centrifuged samples and 2 (14.3%) in sedimented samples (p = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The percentage of toxicity in the urine samples was low (7.8%) which does not seem to suggest the need for systematic dilution of all samples. The sedimentation process enabled us to detect a greater number of urine samples positive for CMV with a lower rate of toxicity of the monolayers. The use of this process would reduce the number of samples requiring reinoculation.

[Usefulness of urine and blood cultures for diagnosing cytomegalovirus infection in the kidney transplant recipient]. / Utilidad del cultivo de orina y sangre para el diagnóstico de infección por citomegalovirus en el receptor de trasplante renal.

OBJECTIVE: To prospectively and comparatively study the usefulness of urine (viruria) and blood (antigenemia pp65 and culture) (viremia) for the diagnosis of cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in renal transplant (RT) recipients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: All RT recipients at our hospital were studied from January 1995 to December 1996. After decontamination, urine specimens were inoculated into two MRC-5 cell line vials. Polymorphonuclear cells were extracted from peripheral blood by sedimentation in saline dextran and were used for antigenemia pp65 test and for culture in shell-vial. RESULTS: A total of 1,335 specimens from 43 patients were studied. CMV was recovered from 110 out of the 913 (12%) urine specimens and from 101 out of the 422 (23.9%) blood specimens (antigenemia and/or viremia). CMV detection was first obtained by a positive blood test in 23 patients (88.4%), whereas the urine specimen was the first positive test in only three (11.6%) patients (p = 0.0001). A positive result in blood preceded a positive result in urine by a mean of 10.3 days (range: 2-73 days). Antigenemia and viremia were simultaneously positive in 61.5% of patients. In three patients a positive antigenemia preceded viremia by 14 days. In seven patients (26.9%) only the shell-vial culture was positive. Culture preceded antigenemia by a mean of 7.6 days. In the 26 patients, the time elapsed until the first positive blood specimen for CMV was 37.3 days (range: 11-88 days). CONCLUSION: According to the results obtained we believe that blood (antigenemia pp65 and/or viremia) should be considered as the only really useful specimen for the diagnosis of infection/disease caused by CMV in RT recipients. The urine specimen lacks a diagnostic and clinical usefulness and therefore should not be used in these patients.

Diagnosis of invasive candidiasis in neutropenic children with cancer by determination of D-arabinitol/L-arabinitol ratios in urine.

Determination of D-arabinitol/L-arabinitol ratios (referred to as D/L-arabinitol ratios) in urine as a tool for the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis was investigated in a prospective study comprising 100 children with cancer. The analyses were made by gas chromatography. Positive D/L-arabinitol ratios were found for 10 of 10 children with confirmed invasive candidiasis, 12 of 23 patients undergoing empiric antifungal chemotherapy, and 4 of 67 children not receiving antifungal treatment. D/L-Arabinitol ratios were positive 3 to 31 days (median, 12 days) before the first culture-positive blood sample was drawn or empiric therapy was initiated. The regular monitoring of D/L-arabinitol ratios in urine holds great promise as a sensitive method for diagnosing invasive candidiasis in immunocompromised children with cancer. Moreover, it may be possible to use an early rise in D/L-arabinitol ratios as a basis for the institution of antifungal chemotherapy and as a means of avoiding unnecessary treatment with potentially toxic antifungal agents.

Use of the membrane filtration technique and Staib agar for the detection of Cryptococcus neoformans in the urine of AIDS patients--a contribution to diagnosis, therapy and pathogenesis of cryptococcosis.

For the cultural control of Cryptococcus neoformans (Cr.n.), among the routinely examined standard specimens like CSF, sputum, blood, etc., urine earns special attention. The combination of membrane filtration technique (MFT) and Staib agar for the detection of Cr.n. from body fluids as described by Staib in 1963 was used for the cultural isolation of Cr.n. from urine of AIDS patients. In 3 examplary cases the diagnostic significance of this method could be demonstrated: The brown colour effect (BCE) of Cr.n. of a single CFU, as well as in colonies growing with a high density, was produced on average within 3-5 d/26 degrees C. The method was found to be useful for the evaluation of antimycotic therapy. One example of the survival of a few CFUs of Cr.n. under treatment with fluconazole as compared to the efficacy of therapy with amphotericin B + flucytosine, and one example of a re-emergence of Cr.n. in the urogenital tract after a too short duration of treatment with amphotericin B + flucytosine are shown. For the exclusion of the survival of single CFUs of Cr.n. in the urogenital tract of males, quantities up to 1 l of urine for the combination of MFT and Staib agar are proposed. As a secondary observation, it was found that this diagnostic combination in addition to its primary purpose, can serve to detect the metabolic end products of the human body present in urine which may influence capsule formation of Cr.n. neoformans.